The development of catalysts to upgrade renewable feedstocks is vital for a sustainable future. Alternative feedstocks typically differ in chemical composition compared to fossil-based feedstocks and to further develop catalytic materials that enable efficient and environmentally friendly chemical processes, it is necessary to understand the functional mechanisms of these materials in detail.The high oxygen content in biomass, as well as water formation in the catalytic hydrotreatment process, are two challenges to producing high-quality fuel. This project aims to achieve a fundamental understanding of how oxygen and water interact with the catalyst during conversion of biomass to biofuel.